Enormous amounts of gold have been mined from Colombia's Central and Western Cordilleras and from the waters of the rivers that descend from those mountains, as well as from some rivers of the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta and Guainia. Spanish chronicles described two indigenous techniques for mining gold. The most common was to search for gold in alluvial deposits. There were other less frequent mentions of true mining practices, with excavations in deep shafts.

Alluvial gold was obtained in the drier months, after the high waters of the rainy winter months had exposed the surface of the gold deposits and the waters were moving more slowly so that nuggets were shaken loose from the formations and deposited in the river beds. Deep shaft mining was carried out in the western part of the country. According to descriptions  by Enrique Uribe White, a Colombian engineer of English descent who  visited the Remedios mines in Antioquia, there was evidence, even in Republican times, of ancient simple mine shafts, presumably prehispanic, that were 27 meters deep but possessed no lateral chambers or ventilation systems. Codazzi, the famous precursor of geographic surveys in Colombia, refers to the discovery of mine shafts, as well as mining instruments, in a copper mine in the Marmato region of the Department of Caldas.

In addition to gold, Colombian Indians smelted copper and platinum. Some groups from the high plains of the Department of Cundinamarca and Boyacá and the Cesar River valley mined copper. Usually this metal was fused with gold to make an alloy known as tumbaga, or Guanin gold. Some of the societies, such as the Muisca, sought to refine alloys with an extremely high copper content. Copper is a metal that, in our opinion, is less valuable than gold. However, in prehispanic times, copper was much appreciated. In fact, it is more difficult to mine than gold, since systematic mining production implies an extraordinary degree of technological achievement.

In addition to the metallurgy of copper and gold, metal smiths from some of the western sections of the country worked platinum. Indigenous technology was not sufficiently advanced to produce objects from nuggets of pure platinum, due to its extremely high fusion point.

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